Works Cited


1 The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, ed. Michael Lynch (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 42.
2 A.P. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000 (London: Edward Arnold ltd., 1984), 195. This is a very useful survey that helps to counteract the more prevalent English material covering the events in question.
3 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 900-918, ed. Dorothy Whitelock (New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1961), 58-67.
4 Smyth, 195.
5 Oxford Companion to Scottish History, 46.
6 F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England 3rd ed.(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 32-33. Stenton’s view of the relations between Scotland and the West Saxon dynasty is adequately balanced. Although aging, Stenton’s Anglo-Saxon England as a whole is still considered a classic and a good starting point for discussion such as this.
7 Sir Walter de Gray Birch, Cartalarium Saxonicum: A colleciton of charter relating to Anglo-Saxon history 3vs.(London: Whiting and Company, 1885-1893), 154.
8 A.A.M. Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, 842-1292: Succession and Independence (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), 22.
9 Ibid.
10 Smyth, 193.
11 Benjamin Hudson, Kings of Celtic Scotland (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994), 68.
12 Ibid.
13 Historia de Sancto Cuthberto: A history of St. Cuthbert and a record of his patrimony, ed. Ted Johnson South (Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer, 2002), 110.
14 Hudson, 69.
15 Smyth, 195.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid, 197.
18 Ibid. see also
19 Reports state that the Vikings won the battle when Rögnvaldr and his personal band leapt from their hiding places after night had fallen. The Scottish Chronicle declares the battle a Scottish victory. The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, ed. Joan Newlon Radner (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1978),168-170 also declares the Scots to be the victors. For thoughts on the possibility of a third battle, see A. Campbell, “Two Notes on the Norse Kingdoms in Northumbria”, English Historical Review, lvii. (1942), 85-97. Also see F.T. Wainwright, “The Battles of Corbridge” Saga Book of the Viking Society, xiii. (1946-53), 156-173.
20 Fragmentary Annals, 170.
21 Hudson, 71.
22 Ibid, 69.
23 Ibid. See also A.A.M. Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1975), 91-92.
24 Smyth, 198-199.
25 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 900, Whitelock, 58.
26 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 924, Whitelock, 68. Edward’s death is 926 in version F.
27 R.H. Hodgkin, The Political History of England (London, Oxford University Press, 1939), 320.
28 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 900. Whitelock, 58-59. Versions C, D, E, and F state 901 while A and B state 900.
29 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 900. For a good assessment of Aethelwold’s rebellion, see F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 321-322.
30 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 903. Whitelock, 59-60. Version A states 904, while B, C, and D state 905.
31 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 911. Whiteloick, 62. Versions C and D state 912.
32 Stenton, 324-325.
33 For further description of Edward and Athelflaed’s burh construction, see Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 910-918, Whitelock 61-67, Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England 323-329, Hodgkin, The Political History of England, 315-319. For another view see Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. D.E. Greenway (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), 307-308.
34 Mercian Register, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 918. Whitelock, 66-67.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid, for 919.
37 Stenton, 330-331.
38 Smyth, 198-199.
39 Symeon of Durham, Historia Regum, Rolls Series, under 919.
40 Hodgkin, 324-325.
41 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 920, Whitelock, 67-68.
42 Stenton, 334.
43 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 920, Whitelock, 67-68.
44 Smyth, 202-203.
45 For the truest champion of the English cause, see Freeman, The History of the Norman Invasion, v1. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974). For historians who take the Scottish side check the works of W.F. Skene and Marjorie O. Anderson Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland (Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield,1974).
46 Chronicle of John of Worcester, 1118-1140, ed. J.R.H. Weaver (New York: AMS Press, 1989), 389.
47 Stenton, 334-335.
48 Ibid, 335. Also Smyth, 201.
49 Freeman, Hodgkin. Stenton is more neutral in his analysis.
50 Skene, Robertson, Hudson, Smyth.
51 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 924, Whitelock, 68.
52 William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, eds. D.E. Greenway, M. Lapidge (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), 203.
53 Smyth, 200.
54 Stenton, 338-339.
55 Stenton, 339-340.
56 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 934. Whitelock, 69.
57 This is a good point to comment on the common places of meeting amongst Kings of the early medieval ages. See Stenton, 332. Also Nick Higham, The Northern Counties to AD 1000 (London: Longman Group ltd., 1986) 320-321., A.M. Mackenzie, The Foundations of Scotland (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1979), Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots.
58 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 927, Whitelock 68-69.
59 Stenton, 340-343.
60 For a very good analysis of the reasons behind Athelstan’s invasion of Scotland, see Hudson, The Kings of Celtic Scotland. Most of the sources from this time are of english make, so for a Welsh view, and possibly the correct one, see Armes Prydein, ed. Sir Ifor Williams, trans. Rachel Bromwich (Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1972).
61 Florenti Wigorniensis, Chronicon ex Chronicis (London: sumptibus Societas, 1848-1849), 129.
62 Smyth 203-204.
63 Ibid.
64 William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, 210.
65 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 937, Whitelock, 69-70.
66 William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, 211.
67 Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 343.
68 Hodhkin, The Political History of England, 337-338.
69 Ibid.


Bibliography


Primary Sources

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 900-918, ed. Dorothy Whitelock (New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1961), 58-67.

Armes Prydein. ed. Sir Ifor Williams, trans. Rachel Bromwich. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1972.

Chronicle of John of Worcester, 1118-1140, ed. J.R.H. Weaver. New York: AMS Press, 1989.

de Gray Birch, Sir Walter. Cartularium Saxonicum: A collection of charter relating to Anglo-Saxon history 3vs. London: Whiting and Company, 1885-1893.

Florenti Wigorniensis. Chronicon ex Chronicis. London: sumptibus Societas, 1848-1849.

Fragmentary Annals of Ireland. ed. Joan Newlon Radner. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1978.

Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. D.E. Greenway. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

Historia de Sancto Cuthberto: A history of St. Cuthbert and a record of his patrimony, ed. Ted Johnson South (Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer, 2002), 110.

William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, eds. D.E. Greenway, M. Lapidge. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.



Secondary Sources

Anderson, Alan O. Scottish Annals from English chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286.
London, D.N. Nutt, 1908.

Anderson, Marjorie O. Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1974.

Campbell, A. “Two Notes on the Norse Kingdoms in Northumbria”, English Historical Review, lvii. (1942), 85-97.

Duncan, A.A.M.. The Kingship of the Scots, 842-1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002.

Duncan, A.A.M. The Making of the Kingdom. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1975.

Freeman, E.A. The History of the Norman Invasion, v1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Higham, Nick. The Northern Counties to AD 1000. London: Longman Group ltd., 1986.

Hodgkin, R.H. The Political History of England. London: Oxford University Press, 1939.

Hudson, Benjamin. Kings of Celtic Scotland. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994.

Lynch, Michael, ed. The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

MacKenzie, A.M. The Foundations of Scotland. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1979.

Stenton, F.M. Anglo-Saxon England. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Wainwright, F., “The Battles of Corbridge” Saga Book of the Viking Society, xiii. (1946-53), 156-173.