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Ravenna Mosaics
Behind these walls one finds the retreat of mosaic artist Catharina Grafeldr
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Dionysus Pellas Panel
Historical Mosaic Art

Velkommen to my studio.

I like to stay in Ravenna on holiday several months of the year to release some of the restless creative energies the goddess Vor has so charitably bestowed upon my person.

While many women from Germania are very talented in the art of textiles, I find that I am drawn toward the art of mosaic instead of the traditional textile arts. So then, it is here, I come to relax, and enjoy such interesting endeavor. I have decorated my studio depicting the historical evolution of the art of mosaic since its ancient roots to the more modern form.

Please, come on in, and we will share some of the fine Rhine wine I have brought from home, and chat about mosaics. As we move on into the first room take a look back at the path that brought you to me. It has a theme rooted in the ancient beginnings of mosaic art. In Neolithic times pebbles and small stones were used for interior and exterior paving and flooring to provide an even hardwearing surface for walking.

Practical but not decorative.


Once we have left the pathway and entered through the threshold, you are transported back about five thousand years to the ancient city of Ur in Sumer. On your right you notice clay cones that have been pressed into a mud plaster in a pattern to decorate and also strength the wall. This method was used in the temples and sanctuaries of the great city state.

To your left you notice a box like object. This is a replica of the Standard of Ur. Okay... I know this artifact will not be found until archaeologist, Sir Leonard Woolsey unearths it in the City Cemetery at Ur in the 1920’s and it will eventually end up in the British Museum in London...but heck, I am after all, a good friend of the Aesir and a little seer talk never hurts. So here I have decided to display a replica for the benefit of those of us who won’t get the chance to see such exquisite discovery in our lifetime. So feast your eyes on this beautiful standard. Notice that it consists of two flanked panels, each divided into three registers. One side depicts in great detail a scene of war, while the other side depicts tranquility and peace. The Standard is made entirely of the semiprecious stone lapis lazuli, red limestone and shell. This begins mosaics birth into an art form as it is considered an example of the inlay technique called Opus Sectile. Please have some more wine and let us proceed into Ancient Greece of the fifth century B.C.


Standard of Ur
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This next lovely room shows us the ancient Greeks were making a type of mosaic made of light pebbles on dark ground of red, green, blue and black pebbles. You notice they are loosely laid and resemble carpet image found at Olynthus in Chalcidice Greece. The imagery is mythological based and executed in a lively manner. Other similar mosaics are seen at Paphos on the island of Cyprus, at Eretria on the island of Evia with the most sophisticated designs found at Pella in Macedonia and dated to the late fourth century B.C. Apart from the exquisite floral borders, these mosaics are insipired by paintings of the period and rely in creating the illusion of a three dimensional space on a flat pebble surface. It is during this period that our first known mosaicist Gnosis, becomes known. Gnosis chose smaller and smaller pebbles to sculpt forms and give the appearance of painted reality. He occasionally incorporated lead strips to help contour the forms of hunters and animals. This imagery includes Amazonomachy, a lion and a stag hunt and is a possible representation of Alexander the Great and his friend Krateros.


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Pellas Panel "The Hunt"

As you enter onto the terrace here you see that the choosing of the smaller pebbles to creat the illusion of reality within the mosaic led to a gradual transistion into using cut stone or marble. At first the pebbles were chipped and shaped for greater definition. Later on it became more economical to prepare rectangle rods of stone from which individual small cubes called tesserae could be cut and used as required. This gave the mosaicist greater control over his or her work. Examples of tesserae are found wherever Greek Culture spread for instance on the Greek islands of Delos, Sicily, Italy and Alexandria Egypt, and Pergamum, Turkey.


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Mosaic Floor Panel from Pergamum

Down from the terrace to your left, is the heart of my studio and where here, in Ravenna, mosaic art is still making history. At this moment in time we make the central parts of mosaics away from the site where they are to be installed, the reason is that the tesserae are much small and the work more detailed. That is what this marble slab is for we now stand near. You see, I am halfway through my portable panel, called the emblema atop the slab. The emblemata are finely executed with some of the tesserae consisting of small contour lines called Opus Vermiculatum (little worms is vermin in Latin) which follow a curve or shading line. They are very detailed and the images are modulated in tone and direction to look like paintings in stone thus continuing the Hellenistic practice of imitating painting.


When I have completed this panel I will transport it to the job site and it will be installed in the space I've left for it in the center of the design. The surrounding borders are created directly on the site since they are made up of larger stone cubes and marble. I like to use a variety of traditional Grecian motifs and patterns. Imperial Roman citizens regarded mosaics as a luxury and so there are many fine examples from wealthy villas of the time. In Pompeii and Herculaneum are particularly rich in examples of fine mosaics that adorn their baths and halls. The refined emblemata found in Pompeii was the work of Greek Mosaicists. Their works embellished the villas of the wealthy patrician classes. The Romans adapted the imagery to their liking , with battles being the favored, whether between great leaders such as Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Issus , or between smaller beings , such as a cat and a quail or a lobster and an octopus.



Classic Mosaic [Book] / auth. Goodwin Elaine. - London : Quintet Publishing Limited, 2003.
Making Mosaics [Book] / auth. Dierks Leslie. - New York : Sterling Publishing, 1997.


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