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The Mons Capitolinus

Museo della Civiltà Romana-Capitolium from the south

Rising above the center of the Eternal City is the Mons Capitolinus. This promontory is situated between the Forum Romanum to the east and the Campus Martius to the north and west. At its highest southern point stands the most sacred site in all of Rome, The Templum Iovus Optimus Maximus, also known as the Capitoline Temple of Jupiter. The temple honors the Capitoline Triad of deities; Jupiter, called "dies pater" or Shining Father, his wife and co-regent Juno, Queen of the Gods and his daughter Minnerva, defender of Rome and Goddess of Wisdom. The Temple was exceedingly famous throughout the Roman World and was pridefully copied in provinces as far away as Britannia and Africa. The Mons Capitolinus was truly the spiritual heart of the mighty Roman Empire.

Jupiter et Thétis

The temple foundation is said to have been initiated by the
fifth Tarquin King, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, but only completed much
later by Rome's last Tarquin King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.
The Temple of Jupiter was completed in 509 BCE, but then subsequently
destroyed by lightning, war and fire on three different occasions. Each time
it was destroyed it was ardently rebuilt in a much more opulence manner
than in its previous existence. The last reconstruction of the temple
was completed by the Emperor Domitian in 82 AD.

At the Mons Capitolinus northern most point lies the Arx, the
northern peak of the Mons Capitolinus. This northern
prominence is the site on which stands the Citadel of Rome
and the Augur's observation post. The Citadel was the mightiest
stronghold in all of Rome and held against numerous enemy
assaults for hundreds of years. Since it's earliest inception
the Mons Capitolinus had been the preeminent seat of the
municipal government and the unchallenged symbol of
Roman authority. Above the Roman Forum on the eastern
side of the hill stood the Tabularium in which was maintained
the bureaucratic offices of the state and all official records of Rome.
The building was used as a place to store the state archives,
such as deeds, laws, treaties, and decrees of the Senate. This would
be where one would have seen the senatus consultum or the text of
the Manilian Law.

The infamous Tarpeian Rock, a traditional place of execution,
lies just below the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus to the south
and many a condemned criminal has been thrown to their
death on the rocks below. The Tarpeian Rock received it's name
from Tarpeia, the traitorous vestal virgin and daughter of
Spurius Tarpeius, Commanding General under Romulus at the
Citadel. Ancient legend tells of Tarpeia's treachery. She
faithlessly allowed the Sabine forces inside the walls of the Citadel in
exchange for whatever they were wearing on their arms, hoping for
gold bracelets and other items of value. As the Sabine warriors
entered into the fortifications they immediately crushed her with
their battle shields, which were in fact on their left arm.
Her ashes were eventually scattered on the Tarpeian Rock which now
bears her name.

Many other famous events have taken place here as well.
Gaius Julius Caesar suffered a chariot accident during his
Gallic War Triumphal Procession in 45 BCE, clearly an omen
indicating the wrath of Jupiter for his actions during the Civil Wars.
In an effort to avert this unlucky augury he approached the hill
and Jupiter's Temple on his knees. Six months later he was
assassinated in Pompey's Theatre by a conspiracy of patrician
senators who opposed his ambitions. These same conspirators,
along with Marcus Junius Burtus, fled to the Temple
of Jupiter Capitolinus after Caesar's assassination and
barricaded themselves there until all danger from the angry
Roman mob had passed.

In Virgil's last epic work, the Aeneid, he refers to a closely
guarded vault beneath the Capitoline Temple of Jupiter where
once were held the renowned Books of the Sibylline. These
books of prophecy were faithfully consulted by the Quindecemviri
(council of fifteen) on all occasion of earthquakes and other
looming disasters. History records that the Apollonian Sibyl
who resided by the spring at Cumae originally offered
Tarquinius Superbus nine books of oracular utterances in Greek
hexameters. The price being too high, Tarquinius rejected the offer,
only to learn that she was burning the books of wisdom one
by one. When the sibyl shrewdly offered the remaining three
books for the same exorbitant sum as the original nine, he
paid the price, and the books were preserved until the
disastrous fire which incinerated the Capitol in 83 BCE.

As Platner & Ashby's survey of ancient Rome notes, There were three cellae side by side. That in the middle was dedicated to Jupiter and contained a terra cotta statue of the god with a thunderbolt in his right hand, said to have been the work of Vulca of Veii, the face of which was painted red on festival days...
The character of this statue, and of the rest of the decoration of the temple, is clear from the life-size figures, recently discovered at Veii and belonging to a group representing the stealing by Heracles of a stag sacred to Apollo. The chamber on the right was dedicated to Minerva ...and that on the left to Juno. Probably there were statues also in these two chambers, and each deity had her own altar. (Varro ap. Serv. Aen. iii.134)

The statue of Jupiter was clothed with a tunic adorned with palm branches and Victories (tunica palmata), and a purple toga embroidered with gold (toga picta, palmata), the costume afterwards worn by Roman generals when celebrating
a triumph...The entablature was of wood, and on the apex
of the pediment was a terra cotta group, Jupiter in a quadriga,
by the same Etruscan artist as the statue in the cella. This was
replaced in 296 BCE by another, probably of bronze (Liv. x.23.12).
There is no doubt that pediment and roof were decorated with terra
cotta figures, among them a statue of Summanus 'in fastigio' (perhaps
therefore an acroterion), the head of which was broken off
by a thunderbolt in 275 BCE . In 193 BCE the aediles M. Aemilius Lepidus
and L. Aemilius Paullus placed gilded shields on the pediment
(Liv. xxxv.10).

At all periods, the hill was less an inhabited part of the city than a
citadel and religious centre. It was successfully defended against
the Gauls when they invaded Rome in 390 BCE. Here the Roman Consuls
offered their sacrifices at the beginning of each year and Provincial
Governors took their vows before going to their provinces; a sacrifice
here was the culmination of all victorious Roman Generals celebrating
their Triumphs.

The original Temple, then some 600 years old, measured almost
200 feet by 180 feet. The Temple was first destroyed in 83 BCE,
during the wars of the dictatorship of Sulla. The second
temple was constructed in honor of Q. Lutatius Catulus at the directive
of Emperor Augustus. It again was burned during the course of
fighting on the hill in AD 69, when Vespasian battled to enter the
city as Emperor. The last rebuilding was undertaken by
Vaspasian's second son and heir after Titus, Emperor Domitian.

On the northern summit of the hill, the Arx, lies the temple of Juno
Moneta (344 BCE) and there as well stands the Auguraculum
or augur's observation post, a small grassy area complete with
primitive hut which overlooks the Forum. In the area between
the two hills of the Capitol, known as the inter duos lucos, lies the
temple of Veiovis (192 BCE) and the asylum associated with
Romulus. The eastern face of the hill overlooking the Forum is
occupied by the massive structure of the Tabularium whose foundation
was embedded in the living rock. The approach road from the Forum
still exists today, known to all as the Clivus Capitolinus.

Source materials:
Platner & Ashby's - A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome

Museo della Civiltà Roman - The Rome of today and the glory
that was Rome.

Museo della Civiltà Roman - Model of the Mons Capitolinus

Jacques Plassard's Les Maquettes - Histories and models of the
Rome Empire, circa 100 AD.

Wikipedia - The free encyclopedia - "Mons Capitolinus"

Google - Countless subject resources - "Mons Capitolinus"

"Suzanne Teng-Medicine Wheel"

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