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Timeline of Roman History ( part 3 of 5 )

(Part 3 of 5)

70 BC - The censors are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gellius Publicola.
70 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) The defeat of Mithridates forces near the fortress of Cabira (73) destoryed any real resistance. By this point the Romans have completed the reduction of all the fortified towns of Pontus.
70 BC - Joint consulship of Gn. Pompeius Magnus and M. Licinius Crassus. During this consulship, the constitution of L. Cornelius Sulla is weakened, and the tribunes of the plebs are given back the right to veto.
70 BC - A praetor, G. Aurelius Cotta, passes a lex Aurelia, which makes the first theoretically impartial juries, composed of men from the senate, first class of the Ordo Equester and those who qualify under the census as tribuni aerarii.
70 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero prosecutes the governor G. Verres on behalf of his Sicilian clients, for extortion and governmental incompetence from his governorship of the island province of Sicily. Verres is found guilty by a jury and is sent into exile. He publishes the trial, called In Verrum.
70 BC - The kingdom of Pontus is annexed and created into a new province by L. Licinius Lucullus.
70 BC - Birth of the great Roman poet Virgil, near Mantua, in Cisalpine Gaul.
70 BC - The first censors elected since 86, L. Gellius Popicolla and Gn. Cornelius Lentulus perform a revision of the senate membership rolls and expel no less than sixty-four members.
69 BC - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Q. Hortensius.
69 BC - Birth of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.
69 BC - Pirates attack the port of Ostia, not far from Rome itself. The pirates took captive two Roman ex-praetors, several notable Roman citizens and several barges full of grain meant to supply Rome during the winter.
69 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus invades Armenia, stating the reason as King Tigranes of Armenia had given help to Mithridates and was now sheltering Mithridates. Lucullus then went on to capture the new capital of Armenia at Tigranocerta.
69 BC - Pirate admirals launch an offensive which leads to the sacking of the harbor of Delos, leaving it ruined forever.
69 - 68 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus is stripped of his governorship in Asia (69) and Cilicia (68).
68 BC - Julius Caesar marries Pompeia Sulla, who is the granddaughter of Sulla Dictator and a relative of Gn. Pompeius Magnus.
68 BC - The consuls are L. Caecilius Metellus and Q. Marcius Rex.
68 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus invades northern Armenia and defeats the combined forces of King Mithridates and King Tigranes near Artaxata, but turns back with the onset of winter and the refusal of his men to go any further.
68 - 67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) L. Licinius Lucullus captures the Armenian city of Nisibis.
68 - 67 BC - The ex-consul Q. Caecilius Metellus fights two hard campaigns against the pirate inhabitants of Crete, subdues the island and annexes it as a Roman province.
68 BC - Mutinies break out in the ranks of Lucullus's army due in large part to his brother, P. Clodius Pulcher, and his army refuses to march any further.
68 BC - G. Julius Caesar enters the senate as a quaestor.
67 BC - The consuls are Man. Acilius Glabrio and G. Calpurnius Piso.
67 BC - The tribune A. Gabinius passes his lex Gabinia. This gives a command to Gn. Pompeius Magnus, who is given unlimited imperium on water to fight against the growing pirate menace.
67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Mithridates threatened a Roman military base, and thus caused a Roman army to come to the aid. The result was the battle of Zela, which turned into a confusing defeat for the Romans under Lucullus's lieutenant G. Triarius.
67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) The stripping of the army from Lucullus leaves him helpless as the kings Mithridates and Tigranes take back all of their lost territory. The war territory returns to much the same state as it did in 74 BC.
67 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Gn. Pompeius Magnus is given the command in the war, replacing L. Licinius Lucullus. He then creates the province of Syria.
67 BC - Praetors are now required by law to abide by their edicta, which was a published guide how they would do their job, like a list of principles. These had been in existence since the early days of Rome, but until now never had a force in law.
66 BC - The consuls are Man. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcacius Tullus.
66 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) A law passed by a tribune of the plebs, the lex Manlia, gives Pompey the command against the two kings Mithridates and Tigranes, and strips all power and title from L. Licinius Lucullus. This is mainly passed by the equites, who have a large vendetta against Lucullus.
66 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Gn. Pompeius Magnus defeats King Mithridates at the battle of Dastria, in which the remainder of the Pontic army is annihilated. Gn. Pompeius Magnus founds the city of Nicopolis (Victory City) on the site.
66 BC - The Roman general L. Licinius Lucullus introduces the cherry to Italy.
65 BC - The consuls are L. Manlius Torquatus and L. Aurelius Cotta.
65 BC - The censors are M. Licinius Crassus and Q. Lutatius Catulus.
65 BC - Birth of the Roman poet Q. Horatius Flaccus, in a military colony called Venusia.
65 BC - The future conspirator L. Sergius Catalina is defeated in his bid to be elected consul, and in his fury he plotted to assassinate the successful candidates L. Manlius Torquatus and L. Aurelius Cotta. But so careless was he, that his plan was frustrated and cancelled easily.
65 BC - Julius Caesar is elected as a curule aedile.
64 BC - The consuls are L. Julius Caesar and G. Marcius Figulus.
64 BC - The squabbling brothers John Hyrcanus and Aristobulus refer a dispute of succession between them to Pompeius, who sides with the weaker elder brother Hyrcanus. The partisans of Aristobulus refuse to accept this, refused to admit Pompeius's officers into the city and held out against the Romans. Pompeius, already having moved away into the Transjordan area, backtracked to Jerusalem, laid siege to the city for three months and then capturing the city.
64 BC - After being defeated in his third attempt as consul by M. Tullius Cicero and G. Antonius Hybrida, L. Sergius Catalina begins to plot a revolution.
64 BC - After a revolt in Syria, the Seleucid monarchy ends and the Romans annex the province of Syria.
63 BC - The consuls are G. Antonius Hybrida and M. Tullius Ciciero.
63 BC - (Third Mithridatic War) Mithridates proposes a new campaign, which is opposed by his soldiers. He is killed when his son, Pharnaces, storms the fortress-city of Calabria. Rather than live to see the end of this revolt he orders his Gallic bodyguard to run him through with his sword.
63-62 BC - The Cataline Conspiracy is begun under a nobleman, L. Sergius Catalina. The consul M. Tullius Cicero uncovers the plot, arrests the conspirators and immediately executes them under the Senatus Consultum Ultimum. Catalina manages to field a rebel army, but is defeated in a battle against the general G. Antonius Hybrida, near Pistoria, Etruria.
63 BC - Pompeius Magnus marches with an army against the Nabataeans in northern Arabia who had taken possession of the city of Damascus.
63 BC - The birth of the future emperor Augustus.
63 BC - M. Tullius Cicero is the defense lawyer in a case against Caesar. The verdict is never given, and the trial is published as Pro G. Rabirio perduellionis.
63 BC - The lex Labiena, passed by the tribune T. Labienus, puts the election for Pontifex Maximus to election, when it had been reverted to the tradition of co-opting by the college of Pontifices by the dictator Sulla. This law is thought to have been passed for the benefit of G. Julius Caesar, who was known to be in debt at this point.
63 BC - G. Julius Caesar is elected as Pontifex Maximus.
63 BC - Birth of the Roman statesman and general M. Vipsanius Agrippa.
62 BC - The consuls are D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena.
62 BC - Julius Caesar is elected as praetor. Coming in at the top of the poll, he is the praetor urbanus.
62 BC - The religious colleges, like those of the Crossroads Colleges, are suppressed and forced to close doors in some cases.
62 BC - The Bona Dea scandal, believed to be caused by P. Clodius Pulcher, occurs at the house of G. Julius Caesar, whose wife is hosting the festivities.
62 BC - Julius Caesar divorces his wife Pompeia Sulla after the scandal, stating "Caesar's wife, like all of Caesar's family, must be above suspicion".
61 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla Niger and M. Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus.
60 BC - The consuls are L. Afranius and Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer.
59 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (first time) and M. Calpurnius Bibulus. It is called the consulship of Gaius and Julius, due to the inactivity and mundane quality of Caesar's consular colleague.
59 BC - The first triumvirate is formed by M. Licinius Crassus, Gn. Pompeius Magnus and G. Julius Caesar.
59 BC - Julius Caesar marries Calpurnia, the daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso.
59 BC - Birth of the Roman historian Livy the Elder, who was born in the city of Patavium, Italy.
59 BC - G. Julius Caesar is elected senior consul in Rome.
59 BC - In an attempt to defeat the ambition of Caesar, his enemies at Rome moved a motion that instead of being given provinces, they be made commissioners of forests and cattle paths. The triumvirate members quickly defeated this motion.
59 BC - Through the agency of his tame tribune of the plebs P. Vatinius, a lex Vatinia was passed, which gave Caesar the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for five years. After the death of the governor of Narbonese Gaul, he is given this extra province by the senate, who realize that he will use the plebeian assembly to give it to him anyway.
59 BC - The senate recognizes Ptolemy Auletes in his claim as the new king of Egypt.
59 BC - In order to be elected as a tribune of the plebs, P. Clodius Pulcher persuades the Pontifex Maximus Caesar to adopt him into a plebeian family.
59 BC - The daughter of Caesar, Julia, is married to Gn. Pompeius Magnus to reinforce the triumvirate.
58 BC - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and A. Gabinius.
58 BC - Gallic tribes who are allies of Rome invite a German chieftain, named Ariovistus of the Germanic Suebi, to help against rivals, but soon this soon turned into what amounted to an invasion of these lands. G. Julius Caesar who was asked to help by the Gallic allies attacked him. Ariovistus was driven out of and across the Rhine in a rout. This is the start of the Gallic Wars.
58 BC - (Gallic Wars) The Germanic chieftain Ariovistus leads an attack on the Sequani stronghold of Vesontio. Caesar reached the town first, garrisoning it for the attack. The Romans charged, breaking the left wing, and when the Germans began to attack the right wing in greater force, P. Licinius Crassus brought the cavalry behind the Germans and drove them off, slaughtering many as they tried to escape.
58 BC - (Gallic Wars) A large migration of a Gallic tribe known as the Helvetii endangers the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul. They are stopped and are routed in a battle with the Romans under G. Julius Caesar, and the remainder are forced to flee back into Gallia Comata (Gaul of the Longhairs, as it is referred to by the Romans. It is the area of modern France and Amsterdam).
58 BC - King Ptolemy Auletes of Egypt is driven out of Alexandria.
58 BC - The tribunate of P. Clodius Pulcher, who legislates for a special command to be given to M. Porcius Cato to annex the island of Cyprus. He also plans to legislate for a free grain dole to be paid for out of the treasury of Cyprus.
58 BC - The tribune P. Clodius Pulcher makes it legal once again for the operation of the religious colleges to run their duties and sodalities.
58 BC - The Romans take over the town of Turicum (modern Zurich).
58 - 56 BC - The island of Cyprus is annexed by Rome under the praetor M. Porcius Cato.
58 BC - The tribune of the plebs P. Clodius Pulcher tries M. Tullius Cicero for his execution of the traitors of the Cataline conspiracy. Cicero is condemned, and forced into exile.
58 BC - (Gallic Wars) A small battle occurs near the town of Autun.
57 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos.
57 BC - Gangs under P. Clodius Pulcher and T. Annius Milo start street warfare.
57 BC - (Gallic Wars) G. Julius Caesar is threatened by a coalition of all the Belgic tribes except the Remi, at the so-called Battle of the Aisne. The battle never occurred, due to bad supply arrangements by the Gallic army. Caesar simply waited until they departed from lack of supplies. Following the leaving Gallic army, Caesar in an incredibly quick campaign defeated them while on retreat and reduced what is now northern France.
57 BC - (Gallic Wars) Julius Caesar lets himself be surprised by a lesser Gallic coalition headed by the tribe known as the Nervii. His army was all but defeated on the banks of the Sambre River, and it was only the quick thinking of Caesar and the battle training of the legions from preventing the annihilation and the end of the Gallic Wars. As it was, Caesar gradually turned the tables on the Nervii and defeated them.
57 BC - (Gallic Wars) G. Julius Caesar subdues the tribes of the Belgae, such as the Nervii and the Atrebates.
57 BC - (Gallic Wars) Julius Caesar relaxes his army, believing Gaul to be subdued. But the Gallic Veneti proclaimed their independence and hoped to force Caesar into a stalemate by retiring into their shoreline strongholds. Bringing a navy to attack, his admiral D. Brutus invented scythes on long poles to destroy the Gallic ships rigging. Thus left motionless, the ships were boarded, crews were killed and ships were sunk. Caesar the used the fleet and his army to attack the Veneti strongholds which eventually capitulated. Caesar punished their rebellion by mass executions of the men and sale into slavery of the women and children.
57 BC - The exile M. Tullius Cicero is recalled from exile by the tribune T. Annius Milo.
57 BC - Death of the Roman general, statesman and Epicurean L. Licinius Lucullus. He dies amid great luxury, and his name is where we get the term "Lucullan Feast", indicating a rich meal or a banquet.
56 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and L. Marcius Phillipus.
56 BC - (Gallic Wars) G. Julius Caesar suppresses the revolt of the Gallic Morini with difficulty. He captures their harbors, including one renamed Portus Itus that he uses as a launching point for his journeys to Britain.
56 BC - Conference of the First Triumvirate at Luca.
55 BC - The consuls are M. Licinius Crassus (second term) and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (second term).
55 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar defeats two immigrating German tribes, the Usipetes and Tencteri. The survivors offer their services as mercenaries to the Gallic tribes, who us them against Caesar.
55 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar bridges the Rhine, the first Roman to do so, in order to raid Germany.
55 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar becomes the first Roman to land on the uncharted island of Britain.
55 BC - Death of the Roman poet Lucretius.
55 BC - Birth of the Roman elegiac poet Sextus Propertius in the town of Assisi, Umbria, in Italy.
55 BC - Death of King Tigranes the Great of Armenia.
55 BC - Gn. Pompeius Magnus builds and dedicates the first stone theatre in Rome.
55 BC - M. Tullius Cicero writes his work, De Oratore.
54 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.
54 BC - (Gallic Wars) A king of the tribe known as the Eburones, Ambiorix, tricks a contingent of one and a half legions into leaving a camp and entering a gorge area, where they were destroyed.
54-52 BC - Riots between Clodius and Milo's gangs erupt again. Clodius is found murdered by Milo on the Via Appia, outside the town of Bovillae, Latium. Milo is tried, convicted and sent into exile.
54 BC - The proconsul A. Gabinius is sent to Egypt, where he fulfills his duty to restore King Ptolemy Auletes to his throne in Alexandria.
54 BC - Death of the poet G. Valerius Catallus, in Rome.
54 BC - Death of Julia, the daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompeius Magnus. She died from loss of blood after a miscarriage.
53 BC - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla Rufus and Gn. Domitius Calvinus (first term).
53 BC - (Gallic Wars) A new rebellion, erupting due to the success of Ambiorix, by the Nervii attacks the camp of Q. Cicero and the legion under his command. After withstanding siege for some weeks, Caesar managed by forced march to reach the camp and relieve it by engaging the attackers and defeating them.
53/52 BC - (Gallic Wars) The rebellions encourage yet another, far larger and more serious rebellion by the Gauls under an Arvernian chieftain named Vercingetorix.
53 BC - Rioting breaks out in Rome due to the gang battles between the rivals P. Clodius Pulcher and T. Annius Milo.
53 BC - Defeat of a Roman Army at the battle of Carrhae against the Parthians under the Triumvir M. Licinius Crassus, who is killed in the battle.
52 BC - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and Gn. Pompeius Magnus (third time).
52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Finding himself almost completely cut off from his troops in Gaul, Caesar marches his available army across a narrow goat track high in the mountains and enters Gallia Comata without the immediate knowledge of Vercingetorix.
52 BC - (Gallic Wars) One of Caesar's legates, T. Labienus, defeats an army of Gauls under the command of Camulogenus near the site of Lutetia.
52 BC - The city of Lutetia (modern Paris) is founded by G. Julius Caesar.
52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Siege of Avaricum by G. Julius Caesar. This is the oppidium (citadel) of the Gallic tribe known as the Bituriges.
52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar attempts to besiege the city of Gergovia, the stronghold of the Avernii. But a miscalculation by Caesar causes a reversal. This is the first major defeat suffered by the Romans in Gaul.
52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar again disappears and rejoins his forces with those of his legatus T. Labienus without being found by Vercingetorix.
52 BC - (Gallic Wars) An attempted attack on the province of Gallia Narbonensis is tried by Vercingetorix. Caesar rushes there to defend the province, and in a battle near modern Dijon, Vercingetorix attempts to waylay the Roman forces with his cavalry, but the German cavalry charged into the Gauls who had been unnerved by the Germanic war-cry and inflicted heavy losses, as did the infantry.
52 BC - (Gallic Wars) Caesar builds two sets of fortifications forty two miles long all the way around the citadel of Alesia, where part of the Gallic army numbering 100,000 men is holding out. The second row of fortifications is created to hold off an attack by a relief army of 250,000 men. There are many attacks on the fortifications, which are being held by eight Roman legions (approximately 42,000 men). The fighting is fierce and there are occasional breaches of the ramparts by the Gauls, but in the end the Gauls are defeated and Vercingetorix is forced to surrender. He is sent as a captive to Italy to await his march in Caesar's triumphal march. This is the theoretical end of the Gallic resistance, although many sporadic revolts occur. This also signifies Caesar's right to assume the title of primus inter pares, or the First Man in Rome. This title was originally recognized as belonging to Gn. Pompeius Magnus. This was also the start of jealousy between Pompeius and Caesar which led to the civil wars.
52 BC - Gn. Pompeius Magnus is elected as consul without a colleague in an attempt to prevent him from assuming the dictatorship.
52 BC - During this year, the violence caused by the gangs of Clodius and Milo came to a head, when the gang of Milo killed Clodius and a small travelling group on the via Appia.
52 BC - Out of land gained from the conquests of Caesar, the provinces are Belgica, Aquitania and Lugdunesis are created.
52 BC - Cicero takes up the defense of Milo, who is prosecuted for the murder of Publius Clodius by G. Sallustius Crispus. Cicero is unable to deliver his speech, and Milo is exiled to Massilia. Cicero publishes his unsaid speeches in a work called Pro Milone.
51 BC - The consuls are M. Claudius Marcellus and Ser. Sulpicius Rufus.
51 BC - (Gallic Wars) The remainder of the Gallic army from the battle of Alesia holds out in the citadel of Uxellodunum. Their water supply is cut off and they soon surrender, and Caesar cuts off both the hands of 4,000 the defenders of Uxellodunum.
51 BC - The Parthians invade the province of Syria after the defeat of Crassus, but are repelled by Crassus's able quaestor G. Cassius Longinus. After the death of Crassus, he takes over the governorship of Syria, and is the youngest governor of a province, and also the first quaestor to run a province.
50 BC - The consuls are L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and G. Claudius Marcellus Major.
50? BC - Death of the historian Posidonius of Rhodes.
50 BC - M. Antonius is elected as an augur.
49 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus and G. Claudius Marcellus Minor.
49 BC - Martial law is proclaimed by the consuls in Rome.
49 BC - (Civil War) Start of the civil war, when Caesar crosses the Rubicon River, proclaiming "aelia jacta est" ('the die is cast"). The republicans (Pompeians) immediately levy forces to attack the Caesarians.
49 BC - (Civil War) Caesar surrounds the Pompeian commander L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and three legions at Corfinium. This resulted in capitulation by Ahenobarbus, who Caesar pardoned and enlisted those of Ahenobarbus's soldiers who wanted to in his legions.
49 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Utica, in which the Caesarian general in Africa, G. Scribonius Curio, defeated a large number of Numidian horse and foot sent by King Juba to aid Attius Varus. Although many got away, the Caesarian legions slaughtered many of their infantry.
49 BC - (Civil War) After initial successes by the legatus G. Scribonius Curio in Africa against King Juba of Numidia and P. Attius Varus, he is led into a trap in which he is killed and his two legions are destroyed.
49 BC - (Civil War) The Pompeian legates M. Petronius and L. Afranius are almost bloodlessly defeated at the battle of Ilerda. The surrendered Pompeian troops are given the option of joining Caesar's army, while the rest are discharged.
49 BC - (Civil War) Death of the Pompeian admiral M. Calpurnius Bibulus.
48 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (second time) and P. Servilius Vatia (first time).
48 BC - Trying to return to Rome from exile, Milo raises an army of debt ridden soldiers and marches on Rome, but is defeated by a hastily gathered army.
48 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Dyrrachium in Greece, in which Caesar suffers a major defeat at the hands of the Pompeians and is forced to retreat further into Thessaly, near the old throne of Alexander the Great. One of the centurions, Cassius Scaeva, was blinded in one eye, wounded on both waist and shoulder, and his shield bristled with 120 arrows, and yet he still continued to fight on.
48 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Pharsalus, in which G. Julius Caesar defeated the general Gn. Pompeius Magnus. Pompeius then fled to Egypt.
48 BC - (Civil War) Death of Pompey the Great, decapitated in Egypt by Ptolemy XII.
48 BC - M. Terentius Varro is appointed as librarian of Rome by Caesar.
47 BC - The consuls are Q. Fufius Calenus and P. Vatinius.
47 BC - (Civil War) While in Alexandria to sort out the dynastic dispute between the Ptolemies, Caesar is attacked and trapped in the palace quarter of Alexandria by the young King Ptolemy XII. He comes close to being defeated, but he was saved by a relief force rounded up by a eastern general known as Mithridates of Pergamum.
47 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Thapsus in Africa. Caesar destroyed the Pompeian garrison under Q. Metellus Scipio. Most of the Pompeian officers died in a bloodbath after the battle.
47 BC - Battle of Zela, with Caesar and his army against Pharnaces of Pontus, a son of Mithridates, and his army. Famous quote veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered).
47 BC - (Civil War) The tenth legion, Caesar's favorite from the Gallic Wars, mutinies and marches on Rome. Caesar stops the mutiny by arriving in person and commands them to disband. This bluff works and they return to their garrison.
46 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (third time) and M. Aemilius Lepidus (first time).
46 BC - Caesar reforms the Roman calendar, and so it virtually coincides with today's calendar.
45 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (fourth time) without a colleague.
45 BC - (Civil War) Battle of Munda. The remainder of the notable Pompeian officers except for Sextus Pompeius, son of Gn. Pompeius Magnus, was killed. This ended the civil wars.
45 BC - To celebrate his victories, Julius Caesar holds a feast for 24,000 in the forum.
45 BC - Cicero publishes his work, Academica.
45 BC - The Julian calander is introduced to Rome, and the month of Caesar's birthday, Quinctillis, is renamed as Julius, where we get July from.
44 BC - The consuls are G. Julius Caesar (fifth time) and M. Antonius (first time).
44 BC - Ides (15th) of March. Caesar is assassinated by fellow senators, even those he trusted such as M. Junius Brutus.
44 BC - One of the assassinators of Caesar, and also one of his most trusted lieutenants, G. Trebonius, is put to death by the loyal Caesarian P. Cornelius Dolabella.
44 BC - Death of the Dacian king Burebistas.
44 BC - Cicero completes his work De Officiis.
44 BC - M. Aemilius Lepidus is appointed as the new Pontifex Maximus to replace the dead Caesar.
44 - 43 BC - M. Tullius Cicero delivers the '12 Phillipics' against M. Antonius, in order to urge the senate to declare war against Antonius.
43 BC - The consuls are A. Hirtius and G. Vibius Pansa.
43 BC - A battle occurs at Forum Gallorum between Octavius and Antony.
43 BC - After laying siege to the city of Mutina, Antony raises the siege and moves away from the town.
43 BC - First battle of Phillipi, in which Brutus was defeated and consequently committed suicide, rather than be captured and executed.
43 BC - The Caesarian general and one of the murderers of Caesar, D. Brutus, is defeated and killed in Gaul by M. Antonius.
43 BC - Founding of the city of Lugdunum (modern Lyon).
43 BC - Death of M. Tullius Cicero, in the town of Formiae, Latium. He was executed as a proscribed senator.
43 BC - Birth of the Roman writer Ovid, in the city of Sulmo, Italy.
43 BC - The exile G. Verres is proscribed and killed.
42 BC - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (second time) and L. Munatius Plancus.
42 BC - The second battle of Phillipi in which the assassin of Caesar, G. Cassius Longinus, is killed by G. Julius Caesar Octavianus and M. Antonius. This is the end of the fighting, and the death of the last of Caesar's murderers.
42 BC - G. Julius Caesar, the dictator, is officially declared a god by the senate, led by his nephew G. Julius Caesar Octavianus, who is proclaimed as divui filius (son of a god).
41 BC - The consuls are P. Servilius Vatia (second time) and L. Antonius.
41 BC - The Perusine war occurs in Italy, under command of G. Julius Caesar Octavianus.
41 BC - L. Antonius, brother of the rebel M. Antonius, surrenders Perusia to Octavianus.
40 BC - The consuls are G. Asinius Pollio and Gn. Domitius Calvinus (second time).
40 BC - The treaty of Brundisium is signed by G. Julius Caesar Octavianus, M. Antonius and M. Aemilius Lepidus. This is the forming of the second triumvirate. The triumvirs split the empire into three parts between them, Antonius taking the east and Octavianus taking most of the west.
40 BC - The Jew Herod is appointed as king of Judaea by the Senate.
40 BC - A Parthian invasion, under a Parthian named Pacorus, of Syria occurs. Most of the Roman gains in the east are lost in very quick succession.
39 BC - The consuls are G. Calvisius Sabinus and L. Marcius Censorinus.
39 - 38 BC - An army of reinforcements under P. Ventidius defeats the Parthian invasion at the battles of Mt. Amanus and Mt. Gindarus, and pushes the invaders out of their newly conquered territories quicker than they had gained them. He doesn't follow up his victory, as he has been bribed to cease his advances by the Parthians
38 BC - The consuls are Ap. Claudius Pulcher and G. Norbanus Flaccus.
38 BC - During his campaigns, M. Antonius captures the city of Samosata.
38 BC - Approximate date the Roman writer and poet Virgil completes his works, the Eclogues.
37 BC - The consuls are L. Caninius Gallus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (first time).
37 - 30 BC - The Roman poet Horace writes the Satires.
36 BC - The consuls are M. Cocceius Nerva and L. Gellius Publicola.
36 BC - The son of Gn. Pompeius Magnus, Sex. Pompeius Magnus Pius is brought to battle and defeated by the legate of Octavianus, M. Vipsanius Agrippa.
36 BC - The reality of the triumvirate breaks up when M. Aemilius Lepidus is ousted from the grouping.
36 BC - A battle occurs between a Roman army under the command of Marcus Antonius and a Parthian army under the command of King Phraates IV near Phraaspa. The result is inconclusive, and both armies withdraw.
35 BC - The consuls are L. Cornificius and Sex. Pompeius.
35/34 BC - Death of the Roman historian G. Sallustius Crispus.
34 BC - The consuls are M. Antonius (second term) and L. Scribonius Libo.
34 BC - Emperor Augustus finishes his work, the Res Gestae.
33 BC - The consuls are Augustus and L. Volcacius Tullus.
33 BC - The knight T. Pomponius Atticus learns that a disorder that he has been suffering from is fatal, and he dies after five days of voluntary self starvation.
32 BC - The consuls are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and G. Sosius.
32 BC - Renewal of the treaty of Brundisium, with the treaty of Tarentum signed by only Octavian and Antony.
31 BC - The consuls are Augustus (second term) and M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus.
31 BC - Battle of Actium. Civil War between M. Antonius and G. Julius Caesar Octavianus (later Augustus).
30 BC - The consuls are Augustus (third term) and M. Licinius Crassus (first term).
30 BC - M. Licinius Crassus, the son of the defeated triumvir, takes an army and campaigns in the Balkan regions. He drove the Bastarnae back across the Danube river, and reduced the Moesian and Thracian tribes, and Moesia was incorporated into Macedonia. This line of provinces set the border of the empire in this region as the Danube River.
30 BC - Death of M. Antonius in Alexandria.
30 BC - Death of Queen Cleopatra of Egypt in Alexandria.
30 BC - Egypt is annexed as an imperial province of Rome.
30 BC - The Roman writer and poet, Horace, completes his work the Epodes.
29 BC - The consuls are Augustus (fourth term) and Sex. Appuleius.
29 BC - The Roman poet Virgil completes his work the Georgics.
29 BC - The doors of the temple of Janus are closed.
28 BC - The consuls are Augustus (fifth term) and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (second term).
28 BC - The censors are Imperator Caesar Augustus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa.
28 BC - Octavianus reduces the number of senators from 1,000 to 800 men.
28 - 23 BC - The Roman architect and writer Vitruvius completes his work On Architecture.
28 BC - The dedication of a temple of Apollo in Rome occurs.
27 BC - The consuls are Augustus (sixth term) and M. Vipsanius Agrippa (third term).
27 BC-14 AD - Octavianus is now known to history as Augustus.
27 BC - The first 300 men of the legions, which were originally the bodyguard of the general, are reformed into a bodyguard for the emperor known as the Praetorian Guard by Emperor Augustus.
27 BC - Death of the Roman satirist and scholar Marcus Terentius Varro.
26 BC - The consuls are Augustus (seventh time) and T. Statilius Taurus.
26 BC - Emperor Augustus campaigns against the Sabaeans secured the sea trade to Somalia and India.
26/25 BC - Augustus campaigns in a war known as the Cantabrian War.
26 BC - The prefect of Egypt, G. Cornelius Gallus, is recalled disgrace after he erects statues to himself in his province with boastful statements written on them in three different languages.
26 BC - The Emperor Augustus begins the Pax Romana, the Roman Peace which lasts for around 200 years and comes to an end at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Commodus.
25 BC - The consuls are Augustus (eighth time) and M. Junius Silanus.
25 BC - The Roman poet Ovid starts his work, the Amores.
25 BC - The province of Galatia is annexed into the Empire.
24 BC - The consuls are Augustus (ninth time) and G. Norbanus Flaccus.
23 BC - The consuls are Augustus (tenth time) and A. Terentius Varro Murena.
23 BC - Augustus is given almost virtual imperial powers, as well as the power of the tribunes of the plebs, including the tribunes inviolability. This is recognised as the point when Augustus is seen as emperor.
23 BC - The Roman writer Horace completes his works the Odes.
22 BC - The consuls are L. Arruntius an M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus.
22 BC - Abolishment of the office of censor.
21 BC - The consuls are Q. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Lollius.
20 BC - The consuls are M. Appuleius and P. Silius Nerva.
20 BC - Augustus recovers the standards of the legions lost by Crassus from the Parthians.
20 BC - Reconstruction on the Great Temple in Jerusalem is begun by the Jewish king Herod Agrippa.
19 BC - The consuls are Q. Lucretius Vespillo and G. Sentius Saturninus.
19 BC - The Roman poet Virgil completes one of the great literary pieces in history, the Aeneid.
19 BC - Death of the great Roman poet Virgil.
19 BC - The arch of Augustus is constructed in Rome.
18 BC - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus and P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus.
18 BC - Birth of the German leader Ariminus.
17 BC - The consuls are G. Furnius and G. Junius Silanus.
17 BC - Establishment of the ludi seculares, or the secular games, in honor of Augustus by Augustus.
16 BC - The consuls are P. Cornelius Scipio and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.
16 BC - The province of Noricum is incorporated in the Empire.
16 - ? BC - Death of the Roman elegiac poet Sextus Propertius, in Rome.
15 BC - The consuls are L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi and M. Livius Drusus Libo.
15 BC - Tiberius and his brother Drusus both subdue the Germanic tribes of the Vindelici and Rhaeti.
14 BC - The consuls are Cn. Cornelius Lentulus and M. Licinius Crassus (second time).
13 BC - The consuls are Tiberius (first term) and P. Quinctilius Varus.
13 BC - Dedication of the theatre of Marcellus in Rome.
12 BC - The consuls are P. Sulpicius Quirinus and M. Valerius Messalla Barbatus.
12 BC -The Panonnian War is started, and Tiberius is sent to command the war.
12 BC - The emperor Augustus is given the position of Pontifex Maximus.
12 BC - Death of the Roman general and heir to Augustus, M. Vipsanius Agrippa.
11 BC - The consuls are Paullus Fabius Maximus and Q. Aelius Tubero.
11 BC - The first appointed curator aquarum, M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, is appointed by Augustus.
10 BC - The consuls are Africanus Fabius Maximus and Iulus Antonius.
9 BC - The consuls are Nero Claudius Drusus and T. Quinctius Crispinus.
9 BC - The Pannonian War is successfully completed by Tiberius.
9 BC - The Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar to Augustan Peace) is completed.
8 BC - The consuls are G. Asinius Gallus and G. Marcius Censorinus.
8 BC - The Germannic Marcomanni and Quadi drive the Gallic Boii out of Bohemia.
8 BC - Death of the Roman poet Q. Horatius Flaccus, in Rome.
7 BC - The consuls are Tiberius (second term) and Gn. Calpurnius Caesar.
6 BC - The consuls are G. Antistius Vetus and D. Laelius Balbus.
6 BC - The region of Paphlagonia is added to the province of Galatia.
5 BC - The consuls are Augustus (eleventh time) and L. Cornelius Sulla.
5 BC - Date of birth of Jesus Christ.
4 BC - The consuls are G. Calvisius Sabinus and L. Passienus Rufus.
4 BC - Birth of the Roman philosopher and tragedy playwright Seneca, in the city of Corduba, Spain.
3 BC - The consuls are L. Cornelius Lentulus and M. Valerius Messalla.
3 BC - Birth of the Emperor Galba near the town of Tarracina.
2 BC - The consuls are Augustus (twelfth time) and M. Plautius Silvanus.
2 BC - Augustus is now given the title of pater patriae by the senate.
2 BC - Construction of the Forum of Augustus is completed.
2 BC - The Dedication of the temple of Mars Ultor occurs in Rome.
1 BC - The consuls are Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (first time) and L. Calpurnius Piso.
0 BC/AD - Start of new millennium.
1 AD - The consuls are G. Caesar and L. Aemilius Paullus.
2 AD - The consuls are P. Alfenus Varus and P. Vinicius.
2 AD - The Death of L. Caesar, who was marked out as the successor to Augustus. The succession is transferred to G. Caesar.
3 AD - The consuls are M. Servilius and L. Aelius Lamia.
3 AD - The newly built house of the Emperor Augustus on the Palatine hill is destroyed by fire.
4 AD - The consuls are Sex. Aelius Catus and G. Sentius Saturninus.
4 AD - G. Caesar, the successor to Augustus, dies in Lycia. This badly cripples the plans for Augustus's dynastic plans.
4 AD - The adoption of Tiberius as the successor of Augustus.
4 AD - Tiberius adopts Germanicus Caesar as his son and heir.
5 AD - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Cinna Magnus and L. Valerius Messalla Volesus.
5 AD - Tiberius's Campaigns in Germany advance through this territory, where Tiberius conquers, up to the Elbe River.
5 AD - A Famine occurs in Italy.
6 AD - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (first time) and L. Arruntius.
6 AD - Moesia is constituted as a separate province.
6 AD - Rome becomes suspicious of the growing power of the Marcomanni under their king Maroboduus, as do their fellow German tribes.
6 AD - Pannonia and Illyricum revolt against Rome.
4-6 AD - Tiberius is on campaign against the Germans.
7 AD - The consuls are Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus and A. Licinius Nerva Silianus.
7 AD - The Emperor Augustus founds the city of Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier).
7 AD - The city of Rome is divided up into 14 regions.
8 AD - The consuls are M. Furius Camillus and Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus.
8 AD - The Pannonian revolt is finally put down.
8 AD - The Roman poet Ovid completes his work the Metamorphoses.
8 AD - The Roman poet Ovid is sent into exile by Augustus.
8 AD - The future emperor Claudius is appointed an augur, his only official post under Augustus.
9AD - The consuls are Q. Sulpicius Camerinus and G. Poppaeus Sabinus.
9 AD - Birth of the Emperor Vespasian, at the town of Reate.
9 AD - The Battle of Teutoburg Forest under the Roman governor P. Quintilius Varus. The Roman force was completely routed, classified as one of the greatest military defeats in Roman history.
9 AD - The Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) is inaugurated by Augustus in Rome.
10 AD - The consuls are P. Cornelius Dolabella and G. Junius Silanus.
10 AD - A Jew, Paul the Apostle, proclaims Christianity as a universal religion.
11 AD - The consuls are M. Aemilius Lepidus (second time) and T. Statilius Taurus.
12 AD - The consuls are Germanicus Caesar (first time) and G. Fonteius Capito.
13 AD - The consuls are L. Munatius Plancus and G. Silius.
14 AD - The consuls are Sex. Appuleius and Sex. Pompeius.
14 AD - Death of the Emperor Augustus, in the city of Nola in Italy.
14 AD - Mutiny breaks out amongst the Rhine troops upon the news of the death of Augustus. The mutiny is quelled in non-violent ways by Germanicus Caesar, whose personal popularity stopped widespread military dissension.
14 AD - Germanicus Caesar crosses the Rhine and begins to campaign against the Germanic Marsi.
14 AD - Germanicus Caesar attacks the Germanic Chatti.
14 AD - L. Aelius Sejanus is appointed as a Praetorian Prefect.
14 AD - Ascension of Tiberius as Emperor.
14 AD - Death of the Roman historian Livy, in the city of Patavium, Italy.
14 AD - The viaduct, the Pont du Gard, is completed near modern Nimes in France.
15 AD - The consuls are Drusus Caesar (first time) and G. Norbanus Flaccus.
15 AD - Birth of the Emperor Nero in the city of Antium.
15 AD - Emperor Tiberius successfully transfers the elections from the popular assemblies to the senate.
15 AD - Birth of the Emperor Vitellius.
15 AD - Germanicus Caesar campaigns successfully against the Cherusci and their chieftain, Ariminus.
15 AD - Tiberius is appointed as the new Pontifex Maximus.
16 AD - The consuls are Sisenna Statilius Taurus and L. Scribonius Libo.
16 AD - The senator M. Scribonius Libo Drusus is accused of plotting against Emperor Tiberius. He is forced to commit suicide.
16 AD - After withdrawing from Germany to replenish his forces, Germanicus Caesar renews his invasions into Germany. Tiberius recalls him.
17 AD - The consuls are L. Pomponius Flaccus and G. Caelius Rufus.
17 AD - Death of the Roman writer Ovid, who died in exile in the town of Tomis, Moesia, after he offended Augustus' moral crusade.
17 AD - A large-scale earthquake occurs in Asia Minor.
17 AD - The provinces of Commagene and Cappadocia are made into imperial provinces.
17 AD - A chieftain of Numidia, Tacfarinas, rebels against the Romans. He is campaigned against at first by Junius Blaesus, but no result comes of this for four years. He is eventually defeated and captured by P. Cornelius Dolabella, the uncle of L. Aelius Sejanus.
18 AD - The consuls are Tiberius (third time) and Germanicus Caesar (second time).
19 AD - The consuls are M. Junius Silanus Torquatus and L. Norbanus Balbus.
19 AD - Death of Germanicus in Antioch. Many believe that a jealous Tiberius poisoned him.
19 AD - Death of the German leader Ariminus.
19 AD - The leader of the Marcomanni, King Maroboduus, escapes and is given refuge in Ravenna when his empire collapses. The majority of trouble caused under the rule of Domitian is not so much the Germanic tribes, but rather the Dacians and the Sarmatians.
20 AD - The consuls are M. Valerius Messalla and M. Aurelius Cotta.
21 AD - The consuls are Tiberius (fourth time) and Drusus Caesar (second time).
22 AD - The consuls are D. Haterius Agrippa and G. Sulpicius Galba.
22 AD - Construction on the Castra Praetoria (Praetorian barracks) is completed.
23 AD - The consuls are G. Asinius Pollio and G. Antistius Vetus (first time).
23 AD - Birth of the Roman historian Pliny the Elder, in the town of Novum Comum, in Italy.
24 AD - The consuls are Ser. Cornelius Cethegus and L. Visellius Varro.
24 AD - Slave revolt breaks out in southern Italy under T. Curtisius.
25 AD - The consuls are Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (second time) and M. Asinius Agrippa.
25 AD - The province of Thrace revolts over military service.
26 AD - The consuls are Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus and G. Calvisius Sabinus.
26 AD - A new prefect of Judaea is appointed, Pontius Pilate.
26 AD - Q. Poppaeus Sabinus is given triumphal insignia for crushing a Thracian revolt.
27 AD - The consuls are M. Licinius Crassus Frugi and L. Calpurnius Piso.
27 AD - A fire breaks out in Rome.
28 BC - The consuls are G. Appius Junius Silanus and P. Silius Nerva.
28 AD - A revolt breaks out among the Frisii, who refuse to pay tribute.
28 AD - John the Baptist is executed by Herod Antipas, son of King Herod in Judaea.
29 AD - The consuls are L. Rubellius Geminus and G. Fufius Geminus.
29 AD - Livia, the wife of Augustus dies in Rome. She is 86 years old.
30 AD - The consuls are M. Vinicius (first time) and L. Cassius Longinus.
30 AD - Birth of the Emperor Nerva in the city of Narnia.
30 AD - Date of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
31 AD - The consuls are Tiberius (fifth time) and L. Aelius Sejanus.
31 AD - Execution of the Praetorian prefect, L. Aelius Sejanus, who was a suspected conspirator against Tiberius.
31 AD - Gn. Naevius Sutorius Macro is appointed as the new Praetorian Prefect to replace Sejanus.
32 AD - The consuls are Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus.
32 AD - Riots start in Rome over the price of grain.
32 AD - Birth of the Emperor Otho in the city of Ferentium.
33 AD - The consuls are Ser. Sulpicius Galba (first time (future emperor)) and L. Cornelius Sulla Felix.
33 AD - Supposed date of the crucifixion of Christ by Pontius Pilate in Judaea.
34 AD - The consuls are L. Vitellius (first time) and Paullus Fabius Persicus.
35 AD - The consuls are G. Cestius Gallus (sole consul, other consul died).
35 AD - Birth of the writer and teacher Quintillian.
36 AD - The consuls are Sex. Papinius and Q. Plautius.
36 AD - A fire breaks out in Rome.
37 AD - The consuls are Gn. Acerronius Proculus and G. Petronius Nigrinus.
37 AD - Death of Tiberius on the island of Capri. The exact cause is unknown.
37 AD - Ascension of Caligula as Emperor.
37 AD - Birth of the historian Flavius Josephus, in Jerusalem.
37 AD - Birth of the Emperor Nero, in the town of Antium, in Italy.
37 AD - The province of Commagene is changed once again to a client-kingdom.
38 AD - The consuls are M. Aquila Julianus and G. Nonius Asprenas.
38 AD - The Emperor Caligula puts to death the Praetorian commander Naevius Cordus Sertorius Macro. Caligula was having an affair with the wife of Macro. When Macro found out, Caligula accused him of being a pimp and ordered Macro to take his own life.
38 AD - The Roman writer Martial is born.
38 AD - The Emperor Caligula has his sister Drusilla deified after her funeral. Because of this, it is rumored that they had an incestuous relationship.
39 AD - The consuls are Caligula (first term) and L. Apronius Caesianus.
39 AD - The Emperor Caligula travels to the Rhine border with the intention of invading Germany, but nothing ever comes of this.
39 AD - The Emperor Caligula bridges the Bay of Naples with boats from Baiae to Puteoli in the summer of this year.
39 AD - Birth of the Roman poet Lucan, in the city of Corduba, Spain.
40 AD - The consuls are Caligula (second term, without a colleague).
40 AD - The Emperor Caligula travels to the English Channel on the pretense of an invasion of Britain, but instead returns to Rome to celebrate a fake triumph for an imaginary campaign.
40 AD - Birth of the Emperor Titus.
40 AD - Birth of the Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola, in the town of Forum Julii, in the province of Gallia Narbonesis.
40 AD - Emperor Caligula gives an order that a statue of himself is to be erected in the temple at Jerusalem, and that it is compulsory to worship this statue. Herod Antipas soon dissuades him from this potentially catastrophic decision.
40 BC - Revolts break out in Mauretania after the murder of King Ptolemy.
41 AD - The consuls are Caligula (third term) and Gn. Sentius Saturninus.
41 AD - Caligula is murdered by a tribune of the Praetorian Guards named Cassius Chaerea, as well as Cornelius Sabinus, at the Palatine Games. His wife Milonia Caesonia Major is also killed, and his infant daughter is killed when her head is smashed against a wall.
41 AD - The invading Germanic tribe, the Chauci, are defeated.
41 AD - Ascension of Claudius as Emperor.
41 AD - The Roman writer Seneca is banished to the island of Corsica after he is accused of committing adultery with Claudius's wife Messalina.
41 AD - Livia, the wife of Augustus, is finally deified by the senate.
42 AD - The consuls are Claudius (second term) and G. Caecina Largus.
42 AD - Famine in Rome.
42 AD - Revolt of governor of Upper Illyricum M. Furius Camillus Scribonianus against the Emperor Claudius.
42 AD - The revolts in Mauretania are settled after it is split into two separate provinces.
43 AD - The consuls are Claudius (third term) and L. Vitellius (second term).
43 AD - The Emperor Claudius begins the first large-scale Roman invasion of Britain, at first under the command of the general A. Plautius. But Plautius soon got into difficulties and Claudius took over overall command. He met up with his troops beside the River Thames and attacked the barbarians. The battle was over when Claudius captured the town of Camelodunum (modern Colchester). But the other tribes fought on for many years under the leader Caratacus.
43 AD - Camelodunum is declared as the capital of the new Roman Britain province by Emperor Claudius.
43 AD - Londinium (modern London) is founded.
43 AD - Lycia is annexed into the empire, after the senate despairs of the savage behavior of its inhabitants.
44 AD - The consuls are G. Passienus Crispus and T. Statilius Taurus.
44 AD - Judaea is annexed as a Roman province after the death of Herod Agrippa.
45 AD - The consuls are M. Vinicius (second time) and T. Statilius Corvinus.
46 AD - The consuls are D. Valerius Asiaticus and M. Junius Silanus.
46 AD - The client kingdom of Thrace is annexed into the empire as a province.
46 AD - G. Asinius Gallus is exiled under suspicion of conspiracy against Claudius.
47 AD - The consuls are Claudius (fourth time) and L. Vitellius (third time).
47 AD - The Roman general Gn. Domitius Corbulo was victorious over the German tribe of the Frisii in campaigns near the Rhine river.
47 AD - Claudius celebrates the Secular Games, and Rome celebrates the 800th celebration of the founding of the city.
48 AD - The consuls are A. Vitellius (later emperor) and L. Vipstanus Publicola.
48 AD - A plot against the Emperor Claudius is uncovered. Claudius's wife Valeria Messalina and her lover G. Silius led it. They intended to place Claudius's son on the throne and rule as regents.
49 AD - The consuls are Q. Veranius and G. Pompeius Longus Gallus.
49 AD - Seneca is recalled from exile and made a tutor of the future emperor L. Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero.
49 AD - Emperor Claudius passes an edict expelling all Jews from Rome.
50 AD - The consuls are G. Antistius Vetus (second time) and M. Suillius Nerullinus.
50 AD - The Emperor Claudius was persuaded by Agrippina the Younger to adopt her son Nero as heir to the throne.
50 AD - A new Praetorian prefect, Sex. Afranius Burrus is appointed.
50 AD - A Roman colony is founded on the site of Camelodunum (modern Colchester).
51 AD - The consuls are Claudius (fifth time) and Ser. Cornelius Salvidienus Orfitus.
51 AD - Birth of the Emperor Domitian in Rome.
51 AD - A famine occurs in Rome.
52 AD - The consuls are Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix and L. Salvius Otho Titianus.
53 AD - The consuls are D. Junius Silanus Torquatus and Q. Haterius Antoninus.
53 AD - The Parthians invade and occupy the throne of Armenia, turning it into a satrapy (almost like a Roman province).
53 AD - Emperor Claudius recovers the standards lost at Carrhae by the triumvir M. Licinius Crassus from the Parthians.
54 AD - The consuls are Man. Acilius Aviola and M. Asinius Marcellus.
54 AD - Death of the Emperor Claudius. His wife Agrippina the Younger with mushrooms poisoned him. It was done in order to give the throne to her son, the Emperor Nero.
54 AD - The dead emperor Claudius is deified by the senate.
54 AD - The Roman writer Seneca finishes his work, the Apocolocyntosis.
55 AD - The consuls are Nero (first time) and L. Antistius Vetus.
55 AD - Birth of the Roman poet Juvenal, in the town of Aquinum, Italy.
55 AD - Death of Britannicus, the son of Claudius, who was thought to have been poisoned by Nero.
56 AD - The consuls are Q. Volusius Saturninus and P. Cornelius Scipio.
56 AD - In a moment of jealousy, Nero expels many actors from Rome.
56 AD - Birth of the great Roman historian Tacitus, probably in Rome.
57 AD - The consuls are Nero (second term) and L. Calpurnius Piso.
57 AD - The emperor Nero passes a decree that there is not to be any bloodletting during circuses and festivals.
58 AD - The consuls are Nero (third time) and M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus.
58 AD - The Roman general Gn. Domitius Corbulo completes the conquest of Armenia, after the capture of the capital Artaxata.
59 AD - The consuls are G. Vipstanus Apronianus and G. Fonteius Capito.
59 AD - Agrippina the Younger is murdered by a group of officers, under order from Nero. She was clubbed and stabbed to death.
59 AD - Corbulo captures the Armenian city of Tigranocerta.
60 AD - The consuls are Nero (fourth time) and Cossus Cornelius Lentulus.
61 AD - The consuls are P. Petronius Turpilianus and L. Caesennius Paetus.
61 AD - In Britain, Boudicca, the queen of the Iceni tribe, leads a revolt against Rome after her lands are taken away and her daughters are raped and murdered by the Romans.
62 AD - The consuls are P. Marius Celsus and L. Afinius Gallus.
62 AD - Pontus is made into a Roman territory.
62 AD - Birth of the Roman historian Pliny the Younger, in the town of Novum Comum, in Italy.
62 AD - The revolt of Boudicca is squashed by the governor of Britain Suetonius Paullus. She commits suicide by taking poison rather than allow herself to be captured.
62 AD - The Roman general Lucius Caesennius Paetus surrendered to the Parthians after being defeated at Rhandeia. Armenia and parts of Parthia are then invaded by the general Gn. Domitius Corbulo, who re-establishes the ascendancy of Roman power in the East.
62 AD - The Roman general Gn. Domitius Corbulo brings the Parthians to battle at Rhandeia, where he is victorious.
62 AD - The Praetorian Prefect Sex. Afranius Burrus dies, poisoned by Nero. He is replaced as Prefect by Ofonius Tigellinus.
62 AD - The Emperor Nero divorces his wife Octavia and marries his mistress Poppaea Sabina.
63 AD - The consuls are G. Memmius Regulus and L. Verginius Rufus (first time).
63 AD - The first signs of new volcanic activity are seen in Mt. Vesuvius, when it causes an earthquake which damages some Campanian towns.
64 AD - The consuls are G. Laecanius Bassus and M. Licinius Crassus Frugi.
64 AD - The Great Fire of Rome.
64 AD - The emperor Nero begins construction an enormous new palace, known as the domus aurea (the Golden House). It becomes a rumor that Nero had Rome burnt to make space for this new palace.
64 AD - The writer Martial arrives in Rome, and is helped to find a patron by the Senecas.
65 AD - The consuls are A. Licinius Nerva Silanus and M. Julius Vestinus Atticus.
65 AD - A plot against the Emperor Nero, known as the 'Pisonian Conspiracy', led by a senator G. Calpurnius Piso, is uncovered. Nineteen men are executed or forced to commit suicide.
65 AD - Death of the Roman poet Lucan, in Rome, after having participated in the Pisonian conspiracy against the Emperor Nero.
65 AD - Death of the Roman philosopher and tragedy playwright Seneca, who was forced to commit suicide in Rome after being accused of participating in the Pisonian conspiracy against the Emperor Nero.
65 AD - An epidemic breaks out in Rome.
65 AD - Death of the wife of Nero, Poppaea, whom he kicked to death after an argument.
66 AD - The consuls are G. Luccius Telesinus and G. Suetonius Paullinus (second term).
66 AD - Death of the Roman writer Petronius Arbiter, who was forced to commit suicide and slit his wrists.
67 AD - The consuls are Fonteius Capito and L. Julius Rufus.
67 AD - A Jewish revolt breaks out. The future Emperor Vespasian is sent to end it and the city of Jerusalem is put under siege. He captures the historian and rebel leader Flavius Josephus.
67 AD - Death of the Praetorian Prefect Gn. Domitius Corbulo, who was forced to commit suicide by the Emperor Nero in Rome.
67 AD - The Emperor Nero enters the Olympic games accompanied by bodyguards. He is crowned as the winner of every event he enters.
67 AD - Death of Paul the Apostle.
68 AD - The consuls are P. Galerius Trachalus and Ti. Catius Silius Italicus.
68 AD - Year of four emperors.
68 AD - Death of the Emperor Nero, who committed suicide.
68 AD - End of the Julio - Claudian dynasty of emperors.
69 AD - Death of the Emperor Galba. Members of the Praetorian Guard lynched him.
69 AD - The German legions proclaim their general Vitellius as emperor.
69 AD - A battle near Bedriacum occurs between Otho and Vitellius. The battle rages on for a long time, before a Batavian cohort of Vitellius takes the army of Otho in the flank and defeats them.
69 AD - Death of the Emperor Otho, who stabbed himself to death.
69 AD - A fire breaks out on the Capitoline Hill, destroying much of the archives of Rome.
69 AD - Battle of Cremona, in which the forces of the Emperor Vitellius are defeated by one of the armies of Vespasian, under the command of Antonius Primus and Cornelius Fuscus, half the size of the opposing army.
69 AD - Death of the Emperor Vitellius, who was murdered by the troops of Vespasian, who threw his body into the Tiber.
69 AD - Revolt of Julius Civilis and Julius Classicus, who attempt to break away part of the empire to create a new Imperium Galliarum ('empire of the Gauls').
69 AD - A war with the Garamantes in Libya happens.
69 AD - Birth of the Roman historian Suetonius, in Rome.
70 AD - The Emperor Vespasian enters Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor.
70 AD - Titus, the son of Emperor Vespasian, finally captures Jerusalem after four months siege. Titus then treated the defeated Jews with brutality.
70 AD - End of the revolt of Civilis and Classicus, and the collapse of the 'empire of the Gauls'. The failure of the rebels to rally the population of Gaul behind them shows how much the Gauls had become reconciled to Roman rule.
71 - 74 AD - The Roman general Petilius Cerealis, under the rule of Emperor Vespasian, conquers the Briton tribe of the Brigantes in modern Yorkshire.
72 AD - The kingdom of Commagene is finally annexed by the Roman general Caessenius Paetus.
73 BC - The final Jewish stronghold, Masada, is finally captured after a long seige.
73 BC - The nomadic invaders, the Alans, invade Parthia and the Roman Armenia province.
74 - 78 AD - The governor of Britain, Julius Frontinus, defeated and subjugated the tribe known as the Silures in modern South Wales.
75 AD - The construction on the Temple of Peace is completed.
75 AD - The Alans attack Media and the furthermost regions of Armenia.
75 AD - The invasions of the Parthians are defeated by the legate appointed in Syria, M. Ulpius Trajanus.
75 AD - The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is rebuilt.
75 - 90 AD - The Historian Plutarch lectures at Rome during this period.
76 AD - Birth of the Emperor Hadrian, in Rome.
77-84 AD - Conquest of most of Britain by Gn. Julius Agricola.
77 AD - The Roman writer Pliny the Elder completes his work Naturalis Historia (Natural History).
78 AD - Vespasian appoints Gn. Julius Agricola as governor of Britain.
78 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola defeats the Briton tribe known as the Ordovices in northern Wales, and conquers Anglesey.
79 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances deeper into unexplored Britain, from a town known as modern Chester and and Eburacum (modern York). He stabilizes the parts of Britain behind him with permanent forts and garrisons.
79 AD - A plot is uncovered by Titus, which involves two prominent senators Epirus Marcellus and Caecina Alienus. Titus acted quickly and neither of the conspirators lived.
79 AD - Death of the Emperor Vespasian, who died of natural causes. His last words are "Vae puto fieri deus" (I think I am becoming a god).
79 AD - Accession of Titus as the new emperor of Rome.
79 AD - The volcano Mt. Vesuvius erupts burying the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, killing the inhabitants and preserving the city.
79 AD - Death of the Roman historian Pliny the Elder, who suffocated when trying to get a better look at the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. He died at the town of Stabiae.
80 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances further into Britain and Caledonia (modern Scotland), with minor skirmishes occurring along the way. His furthest advances reach the Tay River in modern Scotland.
80 AD - The Colosseum is completed by the Emperor Titus.
80 AD - An outbreak of the plague occurs in Rome.
80 AD - A large fire breaks out in Rome, and burns for three days and nights.
80 AD - Destruction of the Capitoline temple occurs.
80 AD - The dedication of the Baths of Titus occur.
81 AD - Death of the Emperor Titus, who died of a suspected illness. His reign was marked by disaster.
81 AD - Domitian is hailed as Emperor upon the death of Titus.
81 AD - The Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola campaigns in modern Scotland, and he consolidates the Forth - Clyde line with the construction of a line of forts.
81 AD - Arch of Titus is constructed in Rome.
82 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances further into Scotland, from the modern Solway Firth through to Galloway peninsula and the modern city of Ayrshire. For a short period of time, Agricola even contemplates an invasion of Hibernia (modern Ireland), but decides against it.
82 AD - The Capitoline temple is restored and inaugurated.
83 AD - Gn. Julius Agricola advances through coastal areas and crosses the Tay river. An attack by the Caledonians occurs and the camp of the ninth legion is attacked. At the same time a cohort of troops mutinies, steals some naval vessels and sails around northern Britain.
83 AD - The Emperor Domitian is on campaigns in Germany, in which he makes territorial gains, and he fights against the tribe kown as the Chatti.
83 AD - The Emperor Domitian cracks down on moral standards, and puts to death three Vestal Virgins on charges of immoral behavior.
84 AD - The Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians under their king Calgacus at the battle of Mons Graupius.
84 AD - The emperor Domitian raises the pay of the army by one third. This makes him extremely popular with the army, and also causes trouble with the troops upon the news of his assassination.
84 AD - Emperor Domitian orders the execution of his cousin, Flavius Sabinus, whom he suspects of ploting against him.
85 AD - Invasion of the province of Moesia by the Dacians under their king Decebalus.
85 AD - The senate confers upon Emperor Domitian the title of 'perpetual censor'. He cracks down upon the castration of males and on homosexuals.
86 AD - Emperor Antoninus Pius is born in the town of Lanuvium.
86 AD - The tribe of Nasamones revolts in Africa.
86 AD - The Emperor Domitian inaugurates the Capitoline Games.
87 AD - The Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola is recalled to Rome by Emperor Domitian, who has become jealous of Agricola's victories.
88 AD - The Dacian invasion is turned back by Tettius Julianus, at the battle of Tapae.
88 AD - The Roman teacher and writer Quintilian writes his work Institutio Oratoria while in retirement, shortly before his death.
89 AD - A peace treaty is signed between Rome and Dacia by Emperor Domitian and King Decebalus. The peace does not last long.
89 AD - The Emperor Domitian campaigns aganst the Chatti, who have once more been making incursions across the Rhine.
89 AD - A revolt against Domitian under the governor of Upper Germany, L. Antonius Saturninus, occurs. It appears that this is due to the crackdown on homosexuality, as Saturninus was homosexual. He is defeated and killed at the battle of Castellum by the governor of Lower Germany, Lappius Maximus.
90 AD - The head of the Vestal Virgins, Cornelia, is walled up in an underground cell until she dies. Her lovers are beaten to death.
91 AD - The consul Acilius Glabrio is forced to fight in the Colosseum after he is suspected of conspiring against Domitian.
91 AD - The consuls are M. Ulpius Trajanus and ?.
92 AD - The tribe of the Iazyges invade the slightly weakened and disorientated kingdom of Dacia.
92 AD - Upon hearing of new incursions into the empire, Emperor Domitian begins to campaign against the Sarmatae and Suevi, due also to their role in the Dacian invasion.
92 AD - The teacher and rhetorician Quintillian completes his work Institutio Oratoria.
93 AD - Death of the Roman general Gn. Julius Agricola, who died in retirement.
93 - 96 AD - Emperor Domitian begins his 'reign of terror' at Rome. Thousands loose their lives.
93 AD - The Roman writer and historian Tacitus returns to Rome after researching in Germany.
96 AD - Death of the Emperor Domitian. Murdered by an ex-slave named Stephanus.
96 AD - Nerva is acclaimed as Emperor by the senate.
97 AD - The future emperor Trajan is made governor in Upper Germany, where he makes many minor, yet successful, campaigns.
97 AD - Adoption of the future emperor Trajan by the Emperor Nerva.
97 AD - The Praetorian Guard revolt, and despite refusals by Emperor Nerva, the assassins of Domitian are seized and put to death.
97 AD - The alimenta is instituted. It is essentially a fund for the homeless and poor children of Italy, as well as an extremely light loan for poor Italian farmers.
97 AD - A Chinese embassy attempts to visit Rome but is dissuaded in Mesopotamia by agents of the Parthians.
98 AD - Death of the Emperor Nerva, who died of an illness.
98 AD - Tacitus finishes two of his books, the Agricola and the Germania.
98 AD - Trajan, campaigning in Germany, inflicts a massive defeat upon the tribe known as the Bructeri. The reminder flee into Germany, and are almost completely erased from history by their German enemies.

Timeline of Roman History ( part 3 of 5 )

Timeline of Roman History ( Part 1 of 5 )
Timeline of Roman History ( Part 2 of 5 )

Timeline of Roman History ( part 3 of 5 )

Timeline of Roman History ( part 4 of 5 )
Timeline of Roman History ( part 5 of 5 )