YALI - The AVLU of IoulousHector
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TIME LINE FOR ANATOLIA CHRONOLOGY FOR ANATOLIA 500,000 BC Paleolithic Age. Earliest human (homoerectus) presence in Yarimburgaz (Istanbul), Karain (Antalya), Beldibi (Antalya) Caves, no settled life yet, primitive stone tools, hunting, fishing, collecting edible plants from the nature 7,250 BC 6,500 BC Neolithic Age. First settlements at Cayonu, Hacilar, Catalhoyuk. Catalhoyuk the largest settlement in the near east. Early agriculture (wheat, barley, lentils). Religious shrines and figurines, pottery, mural paintings. Burials inside homes 6,500 BC 5,500 BC Catalhoyuk becomes cultural center and introduces religious shrines. The Mother goddess becomes the main deity in Anatolia. First temples and sanctuaries 5,500 BC 3,000 BC Chalcolithic Age. Use of Copper. Dark ages. Burials in cemeteries 5,000 BC Alacahoyuk, Alisar, Canhasan and Beycesultan rise as main settlements 3,000 BC Anatolia enters Bronze Age and reaches a high level of civilization. First settlement at Troy. Fortresses and Feudal Lords. Bronze extensively used to make weapons and ornamentation 2,500 BC 2,000 BC Pre Hittite Hatti people, and Assyrian trading colonies and posts (Kanesh) in Anatolia. Strong commercial ties between Anatolia and Mesopotamia. First written tablets found 1,900 BC Hittite kingdom founded by Anitta. Hattussas built 1,750 BC Old Hittite kingdom rising political power 1,450 BC Hittite Empire main power in the Middle East 1,286 BC War and earliest international treaty in the world between Hittites and Egyptians 1,200 BC 1,100 BC Anatolian civilizations destroyed by sea peoples. Trojan war, fall and sack of Troy. Hattussas destroyed. Hittite Empire collapses and organized as small city states at Carchemish, Karatepe, Zincirli, Aslantepe. Vacuum of power in Anatolia 1,100 BC 1,000 BC Beginning of Greek migration to Aegean coast of Anatolia. Miletus the first Greek colony and city 900 BC 800 BC Urartu civilization in the eastern Anatolia. Phrygian becomes main power in central Anatolia. Lydian, Lycian and Carian cultures along the Aegean and Mediterranean. Greek culture rises and founds Pan-Ionic league 750 BC Miletus active in establishing colonies along the Aegean and Black Sea coasts 717 BC Assyria captures Carchemish and other Neo-Hittite states and gains control in Anatolia. Phrygia takes over in W Anatolia. 700 BC 650 BC Phrygians and cities of West Anatolia destroyed by Cimmerians . Lydia main power. Homer born at Smyrna. First coin in the World introduced by Lydians at Sardis. 660 BC Byzantium founded by Megarians. Miletus continues to establish more colonies. 600 BC Ionian leading area in Greek science and Philosophy. Tyrants rule Anatolia. 560 BC Croesus becomes ruler of Lydia. 546 BC Croesus defeated by Cyrus of Persia. Persian domination established all over Anatolia and Greece. 522 BC 512 BC Darius ruler of Persia. Byzantium captured by Darius. 499 BC Ionian cities began to revolt against Persian rule. 498 BC Sardis captured and burned by Ionian cities. 494 BC Persians crush Ionian revolt at Battle of Lade, and burns down Miletus. 490 BC Persians defeated at battle of Marathon. 486 BC 480 BC Darius dies, Xerxes invades Greece. Persians defeated by Greeks at Termoplyae and Salamis 479 BC Persians defeated again at battles, Platea and Mycale. Ionian cities regain freedom temporarily. 478 BC Delian League welcomes Ionian cities. 467 BC Persians defeated once more by Athenians at Termydon. 431 BC 404 BC Peloponessian war begins between Athens and Sparta. Rhodes founded. End of Peloponessian war, Sparta victorious against Athens. 401 BC The ten thousand under Xenophon begins expedition into Persia. 399 BC Socrates killed at Athens. 395 BC Sardis besieged by Agesilaus. 394 BC Battle of Cnidus 386 BC Anatolia under Persian rule again by King's peace. 356 BC 336 BC Alexander the great born. His father Philip of Macedon assassinated and son Alexander becomes ruler. 334 BC Alexander crosses Dardanelles into Asia Minor. Persians defeated at Granicus battle. Ionian cities liberated. Miletus and Halicarnassus besieged by Alexander. 334 BC Alexander conquers Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia. Cities of Sillyum and Termessus gives Alexander hard times. 333 BC Alexander's conquests in Cilicia, decisive defeat of Persians at Issus battle. 323 BC Alexander dies at Babylon at the age 32. Diadochi, Alexander's successors begin war. 318 BC Antigonus takes over Asia Minor. 301 BC Antigonus defeated and killed at the battle of Ipsus. Lysimachus rules Anatolia. 300 BC Seleucid dynasty gains control in Syria. Antioch on the Orontes founded. 295 BC Seleucid occupies Cilicia. Lysimachus conquers Ionia. 281 BC Seleucid defeated Lysimachus at the battle of Corupedium and becomes main power in Anatolia, Lysimachus dies at the battlefield. 278 BC Gauls at Anatolian stage. 263 BC 241 BC Rise of Pergamum kingdom under Attalid dynasty. 230 BC Rome and Pergamum strong allies. Gauls crushed by Pergamum. 188 BC Treaty of Apamea puts a end to Seleucid rule in Anatolia. 133 BC Attalus III the last king of Pergamum dies and leaves his kingdom to Rome. 130 BC Roman province of Asia Minor established. Pergamum becomes capital. Aristonicus defeated. 88 BC Mithridates the king of Pontus destroys cities and massacres number of Roman citizens. 83 BC End of Seleucid kingdom. Mediterranean coast center of Piracy. 80 BC Commagene kingdom in the remote east Anatolia founded, after the death of Antiochus, monumental tomb built on the top of Mt. Nemrut. 78 BC Pompeii the general campaigns against Pirates in Pamphlyia, Cilicia and Isauria. 74 BC Nicomedes IV the king of Bithynia dies and leaves his kingdom to Rome. 66 BC After defeated by Romans, Mithridates kills himself. Rome controls much of Anatolia 41 BC Anthony and Cleopatra come together at Tarsus. 40 BC Anthony and Cleopatra marry at Antioch 31 BC Defeat of Anthony by Octavius at the battle of Actium. 30 BC Anthony and Cleopatra commit suicide. Octavius (Augustus) visits Antioch. End of Hellenistic period and beginning of Roman Imperial Period. 29 BC Ephesus replaces Pergamum as capital of the Roman Province of Asia. 14 AD Augustus dies and Tiberius takes over. 40 AD 56 AD St. Paul's missionary journeys. First Christian community at Antioch. Lycia becomes province of Roman Empire. 117 AD Trajan dies at Selinus, Cilicia, Hadrian becomes Imperator 124 AD Hadrian's visits in Asia Minor. 129 AD Galen the famous physician at Pergamum 165 AD Plaque dangers Asia Minor cities. 215 AD Caracalla at Antioch 303 AD 313 Christians severely persecuted at Nicomedia. Constantine the great emperor. Christianity tolerated religion in Byzantine Empire. Byzantium renamed Constantinople. 325 AD First of Ecumenical council meetings at Nicea under Constantine the great. 381 AD Second council meeting at Constantinople. 392 AD Christianity state religion by Theodisius. 395 AD Roman Empire divided as Eastern and Western roman empire. 431 Third of council meetings at Ephesus 527 AD 565 AD Justinian the Great at throne and Byzantine Empire at Zenith. Church of St. Sophia built. 626 AD Avars and Slavic People besiege Constantinople. 636 AD 677 AD Arabs defeat Byzantines. Arab fleet attack Constantinople. 717 AD Arab siege of Constantinople 726 AD Iconoclastic Period, representation of human figures banned in churches 813 AD Bulgars besiege Constantinople 842 AD End of Iconoclastic period, churches began to be adorned with mosaics and frescoes 923 AD Bulgars capture Hadrianople and besiege Constantinople 963 AD 969 AD Nicephorus Phocas defeats Arabs and regains Cilicia. 1054 AD Split of Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches 1071 AD Turks on Anatolian stage first time. Defeat of Byzantine Army by Selcuks at Manzikert 1071 AD 1283 AD The Selcuk Sultanate main power in Anatolia. 1096 AD First Crusade. Crusaders in Anatolia first time. 1176 AD Selcuks defeat Greeks at Myriocephalon. Byzantines lose last chance to drive Turks out of Anatolia. 1203 AD Fourth Crusade. 1204 AD Latin army attacks Constantinople and burns it down. Latin Empire at Constantinople. Byzantine Emperors( Lascarid dynasty) took refuge at Nicea. Comneni dynasty found empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea Coast. 1240 AD Turks in W Anatolia. Mongolian invasion of Anatolia. 1243 AD Mongols defeat Selcuks at Kosedag. End of Selcuk power. 1261 AD Paleologus dynasty takes back Constantinople and restores Byzantine Empire. 1299 AD Ottoman state by Osman at the Town Sogut W Anatolia. 1326 AD Bursa first capital of Ottomans 1351 AD Turks cross Dardanelles to Europe first time. 1389 AD War between Serbians and Turks. Serbs defeated 1396 AD Beyazit the thunderbolt defeats Crusader army at Nicopolis 1397 AD Constantinople besieged by Turks first time 1402 AD Tamerlane defeats Turks at Ankara and captures Beyazit. Interregnum in Anatolia. 1422 AD Constantinople besieged second time. 1439 AD Council meeting at Florence. Last attempt to unite Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches failed. 1444 AD Crusaders defeated by Turks at Varna 1448 AD Hungarians defeated by Turks at Kosova 1453 AD A turning point with the conquest of Constantinople by Turks under Mehmet II the Conqueror. Constantinople renamed Istanbul and became capital of Ottoman Empire. Last emperor Constantine XI dies in battle. Church of St. Sophia converted to Mosque to be the first in the city. 1517 AD Selim I captures Cairo and took the title of Caliph from Mameluk dynasty. 1520 AD 1566 AD Suleiman the magnificent's long reign. Ottoman empire at its peak. Now, the empire covers Greece, North Africa, Syria, Palestine, Balkans and Anatolia. 1571 AD Capture of Cyprus by Turks. Ottoman fleet defeated at Lepanto by Christian forces. 1578 AD 1666 AD Ineffective Sultans leave control to their Women and Grand Viziers. 1666 AD 1812 AD War between Ottoman Empire and European powers. Ottoman empire loses territories in S Europe. 1821 AD Greek War of Independence 1826 AD Janisssary corps abolished by Mahmut II 1830 AD Greece becomes independent state. Anatolia invaded by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. 1839 AD The Tanzimat Period. Reforms and reorganization in Ottoman Empire 1877 AD First Turkish Parliament, later dissolved by Sultan Abdül Hamit II. 1908 AD Constitution and parliament restored 1909 AD Abdül Hamit overthrown 1912 AD 1913 AD Balkan Wars. Ottomans lose Macedonia and some part of Thrace. 1914 AD Turkey in the World War I, on the side of Germany. 1915 AD Gallipoli campaign. Allied ANZAC (Australian New Zealand Army Corps) troops defeated by Turks. 1918 AD Ottoman surrenders to Allied forces. Istanbul invaded by Anglo-French armies. Anatolia invaded by French, Italian, Greek, Russian. 1919 AD Beginning of War of Independence under Ataturk. Greeks at Smyrna (Izmir). 1920 AD Grand National Assembly at Ankara, and Ataturk first president of Turkey. 1922 AD Greek army defeated and driven out of the Country. Sultanate abolished. Last sultan escaped to Malta. 1923 AD Treaty of Lausanne recognizes sovereignty and borders of Turkey. Turkey reorganized as Republic of Turkey with Ataturk as first president. Exchange of Turkish and Greek populations. |